By Joseph LeeBBC News
Boris Johnson is to call for a "sensible compromise" on pay to end the largest rail strike in 30 years.
The prime minister is expected to say "too high demands" on wages will make it hard to halt rising inflation.
Thousands of staff at Network Rail and 13 rail operators walked out from midnight after last-ditch talks to avoid the strikes failed.
The RMT rail union accused the government of preventing employers from freely negotiating on pay.
Services across England, Wales and Scotland began to be affected on Monday evening, and just one in five trains are expected to run on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday when workers are on strike.
The remaining trains will run predominantly on main lines and only for about 11 hours, with Network Rail urging passengers to travel by rail only if necessary.
London Underground workers also went on strike at midnight over job cuts and changes to pensions.
Talks over the national rail dispute continued into Monday evening, but both sides blamed the other for the lack of a breakthrough.
The RMT union is asking for a pay rise of at least 7% to offset the rising cost of living, but it says employers have offered a maximum of 3% - on condition they also accept job cuts and changes to working practices.
Ahead of a cabinet meeting, the prime minister will accuse unions of "driving away commuters who ultimately support the jobs of rail workers", while hurting businesses across the country.
"Too high demands on pay will also make it incredibly difficult to bring to an end the current challenges facing families around the world with rising costs of living," he will say.
"Now is the time to come to a sensible compromise for the good of the British people and the rail workforce."
The prime minister will say that "hard-working public sector workers" should be rewarded, but the pay increase must be "proportionate and balanced".
Otherwise, sustained high inflation would have a much bigger impact on people's pay packets in the long run, he will say.
The Bank of England has forecast that inflation is set to hit 11% in the autumn, with prices rising at the fastest rate for 40 years.
On Monday, the Chief Secretary to the Treasury Simon Clarke said it was not a "sustainable expectation" that pay can match inflation across the private and public sector if the country was to avoid "a repeat of the 1970s" when wages and prices spiralled upwards together.
RMT General Secretary Mick Lynch said staff were being asked to accept thousands of job cuts, reduced pensions, worse terms and conditions and a cut in real-terms pay as living costs soar.
He said the "dead hand" of the government had been actively preventing employers and the union from reaching a settlement, although ministers have denied they played a role in talks.
Is the government involved in talks or not?
The short answer to this is yes.
The transport secretary says he does not want to get involved in a dispute between the RMT on one side and Network Rail and the train operating companies on the other, but the interaction between the two employers means the government has a pivotal role.
According to government officials, Network Rail is in theory able to offer a higher pay settlement than the 3% they are currently offering by shuffling their large and complex overall budget.
However, the government accepts that any pay offer to Network Rail employees would set the bar for a settlement for the train operating companies.
Since the government is now also standing as the financial backstop to the Covid-ravaged train operating companies, that could frustrate its stated ambition of putting the rail industry on a sustainable financial footing. Revenues for the train companies are still languishing just above half their pre-pandemic levels.
The government may not be in the room but it is at the table.
Mr Lynch said industrial action would run "as long as it needs to", saying the strikes could last months if a deal was not reached.
Labour's shadow transport secretary Louise Haigh accused her opposite number Grant Shapps of not giving train operating companies "any mandate to negotiate", saying the talks were a "sham".
Rail services are expected to be disrupted until Sunday, with a reduced timetable in place until then.
Although ScotRail and Transport for Wales are not part of the dispute, services in Scotland and Wales are also affected because they rely on Network Rail staff. ScotRail said 90% of trains will be cancelled during the three days of industrial action.
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